The Coca-Cola Company Business Environment Term Paper - 1

The Coca-Cola Company Business Environment - Term Paper Example The organization is the biggest in assembling, circulation, and showcasing of nonalcoholic drink syrups and concentrates. It keeps up its tasks in excess of 200 nations. The organization accordingly needs to break down their inward surroundings for dangers and openings so as to keep up their situation in the ever powerful serious field. These various conditions fall under the Pestle investigation that causes the organization administrators to settle on large scale choices on strategy changes. These incorporate expenses, new laws, exchange hindrances and government strategy changes among others. At the coca cola organization, financial difficulties are presented by expansion because of the monetary emergency in many nations. The client buying power is lessening to high oil and item costs. There is likewise a high pace of joblessness. Besides, rivalry from different brands, for example, Pepsi is expanding. Be that as it may, the organization doesn't plan to chop down the cost of their items. Socially, the lives of clients particularly ladies is evolving. The vast majority of them are going out to work. It has brought about the requirement for time the executives and the inclination for more advantageous nourishments. Numerous individuals right now choose tea, milk, espresso, and juices squeezing the Coca-Cola Company. Shoppers between the ages of 37 and 55 are increasingly worried about expanding their lives consequently centered around sustenance. Pop and improved beverages have been related with corpulence. This has influenced deals as buyers have gotten progressively mindful of sound ways of life. Both the lawful and worlds of politics influence advertising choices at the organization. These incorporate laws, pressure bunches like the â€Å"killer coke† and government offices. For example, during the 1970s an auxiliary gathering in India needed the organization to share their mystery recipe under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act. They declined and needed to end their tasks for a long time (Kaye, 2006). The makers have been compelled to give elite domains to wholesalers.

Analysis Of The Apple Logo

Examination Of The Apple Logo Lead an investigation of the associations logo from the accompanying points of view: Plan Shading Message Setting and use Source: http://www.blogcdn.com/www.switched.com/media/2008/02/apple-logo-128.png The Apple Logo, planned by Rob Janoff is particularly stylish and needs no magnificent presentation at all. The logo is for all intents and purposes all over the place; on our iPhones, the adored iPod, MACS, iPad and even unobtrusive item positions in our preferred motion pictures or shows. Not exclusively is Apple innovatively forward, however its logo is likewise the exemplification of development. The structure is basic, insignificant and effectively meaningful which makes it straightforward; completely, it prevails with regards to catching the crowds eye. The logo sharpens an outwardly engaging apple with an impressive lump of its correct side gnawed off. It is non-romantic on face esteem, yet puzzling and enticing within. The chomp is the thing that adds character to the logo and makes it all the all the more appealing. Since the most recent 30 years the conceptualization and structure, of the logo remains to a great extent unaltered aside from varieties in its shading and only a couple of changes for every state. The Apple logo is effectively the most perceived corporate image on the planet, odds are there wont be uncommon changes at any point in the near future. Jean Louis Gassã ©e, official at Apple Computer from 1981 to 1990 discloses more regarding the matter, One of the profound secrets to me is our logo, the image of desire and information, chomped into, all crossed with the shades of the rainbow out of order. You couldnt dream of an increasingly fitting logo: desire, information, expectation, and rebellion. (Statement: Linzmayer, Owen W 2004, Apple classified 2.0: the conclusive history of the universes most brilliant organization, second Edition, no. 1, pp. 12) The first Apple logo was structured by Jobs and Wayne in 1976, indicating Isaac Newton sitting under a Mac tree. It was propelled by the accompanying citation, Newton A Mind Forever Voyaging Through Strange Seas of Thought Alone. The associations name was likewise fused into the first logo. Later it was overhauled in 1977 and on the off chance that one may say as much, deified by Janoff with the more up to date form that we know about today. We have seen various varieties of the logo in the most recent years to be specific the rainbow apple, the water hued run and the contemporary metallic-chrome adaptation. There have been a heap of translations and fantasies the extent that the shading plan of the logo is concerned. The rainbow hued apple has been supposed to speak to a hipster impact pair with the way that Apple has consistently marked itself as a cool and hip organization that takes into account the youthful and insightful. Planner Rob Janoff clarifies that the genuine strong exp lanation behind the shaded stripes was that the Apple II was the main home or PC that could replicate pictures on the screen in shading. So it speaks to shading bars on the screen. (Raszl, 2009, Interview with Rob Janoff-architect of the Apple logo, Creative Bits, http://creativebits.org/meet/interview_rob_janoff_designer_apple_logo) Other urban legends additionally infer that the Apple logo is basically observed as reverence to Alan Turning, the progenitor of present day processing, who ended it all utilizing a cyanide-bound apple. Alan Turning was a gay and the rainbow shaded stripes was viewed as a tribute to gay pride. Some even view the nibbled apple as a scriptural reference to when Eve bit into the illegal apple or maybe even the notorious chomp of information. Be that as it may, these generally dispersed misgivings are sheer fantasies and have been romanticized as a result of the logos claim. Loot Janoff clears up everything, When I clarify the genuine motivation behind why I did the nibble its sort of a disappointment. Be that as it may, Ill let you know. I planned it with a nibble for scale, so individuals get that it was an apple not a cherry. Additionally it was somewhat notorious about whittling down an apple. Something that everybody can understanding. It goes across societies. On the off chance that anyone at any point had an apple he likely nibbled into it and that is the thing that you get. It was after I planned it, that my innovative executive let me know: Well you know, there is a PC expression called byte. What's more, I resembled: Youre joking! In this way, it resembled great, however it was unintentional that it was likewise a PC expression. (Raszl, 2009, Interview with Rob Janoff-planner of the Apple logo, Creative Bits) A recognizable component about the logo as far as extent and surface is its strong shape and an obviously separated layout which radiates power. To put it plainly, the apple implies business and requests to be paid attention to! Close consideration has been paid to detail and there is no literary mess. Its simple on the eye and doesn't offer route to any visual soil or language in a manner of speaking. It is fascinating to take note of that the Apple Company doesn't utilize its name in its logo and this flighty methodology really works for them. A logo sans the brand name is a lot bolder and keeps on having a solid nearness in a plenty of other opponent organizations. Moreover, the apple on a plain white foundation includes a component of peculiarity and the difference talks volume fit as a fiddle acknowledgment. The illustrations have seen a couple of changes to a great extent by making the logo progressively balanced but then never losing its substance. There are no obvious text st yles in the official Apple logo and there appears to be no specific requirement for one either as a result of its mass prevalence. Apple flaunts gigantic brand mindfulness without utilizing the organization name in its logo and has overwhelmed the global market with the guide of this front line structure alone. As of late, Apple has picked white and crude aluminum shading plans. The patched up glass-themed logo that initially showed up on the Mac OS X Panther in 2003 and later on the iPhone, iPod Touch, iPod Nano, Video iPod and so forth is progressive and invigorating. It has no rainbow hues in its new structure, is exquisite and ready in height. These changes have figured out how to support Apples position as a leader and staying up with the latest with the shoppers tastes and inclinations. Mac Computers brand picture rises above societies and mainlands. The Apple is viewed as a first class yet feasible item. We as a whole needed to get our hands on the iPhone when it originally came out independent of our land imperatives and prior the iPod was on everyones list of things to get. That is the excellence of Apple. Their showcasing system and imaginative methodology is practically perfect. The Apple logo isn't only a corporate personality any longer; yet it has likewise pivoted its path well into worldwide mainstream society. For what other reason would it be viewed as stylish to wear the chomped apple on their every day clothing by steadfast clients and going to extraordinary lengths by supporting the logo by having it inked on their bodies? The Apple logo shows up on all Apple items including PCs, PCs, iPods, Macintosh, QuickTime and so on. Apple items have out of the blue sprung up multitudinous occasions on media channels as a perfect stunt for item arrangements. The eatable apple has been a normal on mainstream shows like Sex and the City, Heroes, The Office, Entourage, CSI NY, House, 24 and The O.C to give some examples. Apple has anyway over and over denied any cases that they pay for item situations which must be that Apple parts with its items for use to certain creation houses. Comparable examples of supporting gleaming MacBooks and iPods can be seen on the big screen including new discharges like Wall-E, Toy Story 3, Wall Street 2, Kick Ass and Book of Eli. Subsequently, Hollywoods developing relationship with Apple is going towards a lifetime sentiment and is one the reasons why the logo is so well known and unintentionally the items regarded as chic. Instances of Product Placements. The closeness among Apple and its logo is incredible. In spite of its unassuming beginnings, Apple has appeared as an incredible sensation since the time its origin. Cutting edge battles like Think Different and out of the case innovativeness have made the notorious chewed apple ageless for all occasions to come. Apple comprehends its buyers needs and the generally conspicuous logo is the ideal demonstration of what the organization has accomplished throughout the years after its underlying years as a bombing organization to being the enormous weapon it is today. No organization vouches such generous supports and positive reactions by customers like Apple does. The hurled natural product is staying put to say the very least!

Our new video

Our new video By now many of you have seen our new promo video on the website. And if you haven’t yet, you can take a look right here. MIT: Live the Puzzle from MIT Admissions on Vimeo. When we re-launched our new site last summer with a new design and streamlined navigation, we also made room for video to be featured right on the homepage. Its part of our overall communication strategy to showcase a constantly changing mix of videos from old classics dug up from the admissions vault like MIT the Movie and vintage television news footage of one of MIT’s most famous hacks of all time, to music videos like the one we featured of MIT’s amazing acapella group the Logarhythms and student made videos from the Freshman Arts Program. But its also part of our plan to create some promotional videos of our own to show today’s MIT, in all its living, breathing color. We’ve already heard from many in early focus group testing who told us they loved the video, and we also heard from some who said, “Yeah, but how come you are not showing the real MIT? You know, the science and research and engineering MIT? We want more of that super cool movable wall and we want to see more robots in the Media Lab. And to that I say, of course, that’s MIT alright, and we plan to show you more of that in the coming months, so stay tuned. But for this video, it was our goal to give prospective students a feel for our campus and what it looks like,  full of awesome buildings some majestic and some kinda weird and plenty of open green spaces. And we wanted everyone to know that, yes, we really do have sports here at MIT and a lot of students take part in them at a very high level. But mostly we wanted it to tell a story of what our community really loves about being at MIT. So we hired some professionals to help us out and like so many things here at MIT, the admissions communications team collaborated with students and faculty and the film crew to capture the diverse, fun, and friendly student population. What is says to us is that while we are every bit a science and engineering school, we’re also a whole lot more than that too â€" and we’re pretty jazzed about that. So what does it say to you? I’d love to hear more.

Computer Networks And The Network - 974 Words

A computer network is any computer or group of computers that are linked to another computer or systems of computers so they can communicate. There are several careers that involve knowledge of computer networking. Each of these positions require a particular set of skills. While the positions may sound the same, they are not. For example, the network engineer manages and designs computer networks, upgrading them and tests their security while the network administrator keeps the network running. The network analyst is responsible for supporting the overall infrastructure of the computer network, writing software and other programs that are needed. The information systems administrator is responsible for designing, delivering, and maintaining the infrastructure that makes up the network, usually in an organization. The network technician is the one who sets up the network, troubleshoots problems and services the network to keep it running. The network information systems manager is re sponsible for the technicians, administrators, analysists and engineers while also planning for the network into the future (Computer Networking Majors Guide). The career that I would choose, at least for now, would be a network technician because I like to build things and enjoy the hardware side of computing. There are several skill sets that I need to perform this job. One of the required duties is to set up the network hardware that the business needs. This includes setting up the securityShow MoreRelatedComputer Networks And The Network1232 Words   |  5 Pages A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each other along network links . The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet. 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In order to create these networks, there needs to be devices known as routers, switches and firewalls. These devices have some very well-known vendors, such as, Cisco and Juniper. Juniper uses an operating system called Junos. Junos OS is a great network operating system because of its modularity and it’s unique and hierarchical configurationRead MoreWireless Sensor Networks : Computer Networks2162 Words   |  9 PagesTopic: Wireless Sensor Networks Sridevi Veluru CSCI – 570 – Advanced Computer Networks Prof Mark McGinn 10/10/2016 â€Æ' Introduction With the recent technological advancements of smaller sensor devices enabling ubiquitous sensing capabilities and driven by the adoption of global standard technologies, Wireless Sensor networks (WSN) are evolving as one of the most significant technologies of 21st century (Ruiz-Garcia, Lunadei, Barreiro, Robla, 2009). Though wired networks provide more stable andRead MoreComputer Security : Computers And Networks870 Words   |  4 Pagesnot use the computer system to â€Å"snoop† or pry into the affairs of other users by unnecessarily reviewing their files and e-mail. Accessing other computers and networks: A User’s ability to connect to other computer systems through the network or by a modem does not imply a right to connect to those systems or to make use of those systems unless specifically authorized by the operators of those systems. Computer security: Each User is responsible for ensuring that use of outside computers and networksRead MoreHow Is A Computer Network?873 Words   |  4 PagesHow to Define a Computer Network No matter how it is described or reported â€Å"computer network† continue being a difficult phrase to define. Computer IT technicians do not know how to approach to a regular person, and describe the operation of a simple computer networking . In the other hand, and this is also important, â€Å"regular normal† people seem not to care how important a computer network is, and what it really means. Maybe is because most of the time the computer network always is â€Å"behind theRead MoreComputer Network Management1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe Basics of Network Management In the computer world, networks are the primary means of inter-computer communications. The building and maintenance of a network is the responsibility of the network manager. The network manager must have the expertise to design and implement an appropriate network for his client. The proper design of a network is based on more than a few principles. However, the job of the network manager encompasses more than simply building a useable network, although that

Bipolar Disorder A Family Based Perspective - 1733 Words

Bipolar Disorder and Mental Illness: A Family-based Perspective Living with a person who has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, or even being a family member who has a genuine concern for this individual’s well-being is a strenuous process. Learning how to recognize and handle disruptive behavior, understanding the symptoms, supporting the individual through potential treatment or recovery periods and assessing the overall situation in the most effective manner is a long-term and constant commitment. Thus, family members, particularly those who take on the role of caregiver are often impacted as severely, if not more so than the person who has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, at least on the surface. Bipolar disorder and†¦show more content†¦Rita has no children and is unmarried. With both of her parents being deceased, her only close family members are her two sisters, Mary and Nancy. Mary holds a high-ranking position in an intense career field, while Nancy works full time and is completed her MBA program. Neither have f ormal training as a care provider; their time is limited as their focus is to progress in their careers. Still, the sisters have taken it upon themselves to care for Rita as she is untrusting of others. Further, she is in a state of denial and will forego any form of treatment involving anyone other than her family. Brown (2005) finds this is common among those with bipolar disorder who are still in the denial stage of their diagnosis. Rita shows resistance, but is willing to participate as long as Mary or Nancy are the ones providing care. At this stage, professional care is not an option. The sisters have accepted their roles as caregivers, despite their intense professional lives. A distinct finding throughout the process is that the family members who have taken the role of caregiver did not feel that their efforts are appreciated, both collectively and individually. This is a somewhat ironic finding, as the family members, individually, are under the impression that they put forth more effort than other family members. That is, Mary claims that Nancy does not put forth enough effort or show that she is committed to caring for

Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Two Free Essays

â€Å"I work in the CID.† Criminal Investigations Division, my mind translated as Nic reached into his suit and withdrew his ID, flipping it open with an ease born of practice. I didn’t bother to look. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now I knew who he was. I didn’t care about his badge. I wanted to hear why he’d stepped out of the past and into my life. I wanted to discover where the boy I’d loved had gone and when this man had taken his place. Seven years ago Nic had been easygoing and fun. I’d laughed more with him than I’d ever laughed with anyone else. He’d been a wealth of contrasts. Quick with numbers, clever with words, fast hands, slow smile, a great kiss. We’d both been alone in the world, searching for something, or maybe someone. We’d found it in each other. My life had forever been divided into before and after Dominic Franklin had come into it. I still don’t know if I believe in love at first sight. I saw him so many times before I loved him. But a true, deep, forever love? In that, I do believe. â€Å"Why you?† I didn’t realize I’d said the words out loud until he answered them. â€Å"Because I’m the best at what I do.† â€Å"Which is?† â€Å"Finding missing persons.† â€Å"What does that have to do with us?† â€Å"You tell me. What do you do?† Could I put him off by telling the lies I’d told a hundred times before? Wouldn’t hurt to try. â€Å"I’m studying a new strain of rabies in the wolf population.† â€Å"Never heard of it.† â€Å"The government doesn’t want people to know the virus is becoming resistant to the vaccine.† â€Å"It is?† â€Å"No, I made that up.† My teeth clicked together as I snapped my mouth shut. Why couldn’t I keep quiet? His lips twitched, almost a smile. But the expression faded as quickly as the moon did at dawn. â€Å"You always wanted to be a doctor.† â€Å"I am.† â€Å"A Ph.D. isn’t an M.D.† I’d given up my hopes of treating people after I’d turned furry the first time. Kind of hard to build a practice when you never knew if you were going to wake up covered in blood the morning after a full moon. In truth, I’d always been fascinated by viruses – where they came from, how they were transmitted, how in hell we could cure them. One of the few bright spots in the past seven years had been my work. I’d been given carte blanche to study something no one else even knew about. What scientist wouldn’t be tempted? Nic continued to stare at me, no doubt waiting to hear the reason I wasn’t delivering babies or performing brain surgery. He’d be waiting a very long time. â€Å"You were going to be a lawyer,† I said. When in doubt, point the finger elsewhere. â€Å"I am. A majority of our agents have backgrounds in accounting or law.† Huh. I guess we do learn something new every day. â€Å"This facility seems huge,† he continued. â€Å"How many researchers do you have?† We’d reached the end of my lies and my patience. â€Å"If you want more information, you’ll have to talk to the boss, Edward Mandenauer.† One call from Edward to Washington, D.C., and Nic would be out on his ear. â€Å"Fine. Where is he?† â€Å"Wisconsin. That’s east of here, by a lot.† His eyes narrowed. † Where in Wisconsin?† â€Å"Classified.† I shrugged. â€Å"Sorry.† â€Å"Elise, you’re starting to piss me off.† â€Å"Only starting?† The smile nearly broke through again, and I thought, There you are, an instant before he caught himself and frowned. This new Nic disturbed me. Had he become so serious and sad because of the job or because of me? I didn’t like either choice. Leaning back, he laced his fingers together and rested his head against his palms. â€Å"I’ll just wait until he calls in.† I opened my mouth, then shut it again, stumped. I couldn’t have him hanging around. I was behind schedule. Besides, how was I going to explain that there wasn’t anyone in the compound but me, a single guard, and the werewolves in the basement? I could throw Nic out, or have the guard do it; however, that kind of behavior would only add to the questions, and no doubt insure we enjoyed more visits from the FBI. Better to convince Nic to leave on his own if possible. â€Å"Edward won’t be calling for several days,† I said. â€Å"He’s in the field. You may as well tell me what’s going on.† Nic stared at me for a few seconds before leaning forward and lowering his arms to the table. â€Å"I’ve been working on a case for years. A lot of people are no longer where they’re supposed to be, and they haven’t shown up anywhere else.† â€Å"Since when do missing persons come under FBI jurisdiction?† â€Å"Since we have good reason to believe we’re dealing with more than disappearances.† I heard what he wasn’t saying. The FBI thought they had a serial kidnapper, if not a serial killer, on their hands. Hell, they probably did. What they didn’t know was that the culprit was most likely less than human. â€Å"A lot more people vanish in this world than anyone knows about,† I murmured. Nic lifted a brow. I guess I didn’t have to tell him that. His business was finding the missing. Which made him dangerous to my business. To keep the populace calm, part of the J-S job description was to invent excuses, smooth over the edges, make sure that those who were murdered by evil entities were not searched for by the authorities or their families. â€Å"I still don’t understand how we can help you. Is one of the missing people from this area?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Did you trace someone here?† â€Å"No.† I threw up my hands. â€Å"What then?† â€Å"We were sent an anonymous tip.† I resisted the urge to snort and roll my eyes. The bad guys were forever trying to throw the government at us. If we were unwinding red tape we weren’t hunting and searching for monsters. Until today, all such attempts had been quelled higher up. The word in Washington was that Edward Mandenauer stood above reproach. He was not to be bothered, and neither were any of his people. Obviously Nic hadn’t gotten the top secret memo. I glanced at him as another possibility came to mind. The Jger-Suchers might be a clandestine organization, and the location of our compound closely guarded, but recently many of our secrets had gone on the market. We had a traitor in our midst, and we never knew when someone might die. â€Å"What was this tip?† â€Å"E-mail. Said I’d find what I was seeking here.† I frowned. â€Å"Not much of a tip.† â€Å"Imagine my surprise when I saw your name on the employee roster of the Jger-Suchers.† Which explained how he knew so much about me, how he’d remained so calm upon seeing me, while I’d been paralyzed. He’d already known I was here. â€Å"There was precious little information in those personnel files, considering this is a government installation.† Since quite a few of our agents had been on the wrong side of the law at one time or another – sometimes it took a monster to catch a monster – it wouldn’t do for their records to be available to anyone who cared to look. Our personnel files were carefully constructed to reveal the very least necessary – or in some cases nothing at all. â€Å"I thought you were dead,† he murmured, â€Å"and you were right here.† Strange how one small thing was often all it took to break a mystery wide open. People don’t realize how often killers are caught because of an accident, a coincidence, nothing more than a sharp eye skimming an unrelated report and finding a connection. No, I wasn’t dead, but that didn’t mean I didn’t want to be. As if realizing he’d skirted too close to an emotional edge neither one of us wanted to cross, Nic withdrew a sheet of paper from his jacket. â€Å"Can you check with your people, with Manden-auer, see if anyone knows any of the names on this list of missing persons?† His face was set, his eyes gone icy blue – back to business. I was alive; I was no longer missing. I could almost see him checking my name off a list in his brain. Would he ever think of me again once he walked out of this room? Probably not, and that was a good thing. So why did I feel so bad? Nic still stood with the list in his hand. I took the paper and tucked it into a pocket without a glance. â€Å"My number’s at the top.† He rose and his gaze was captured by something on my desk. My breath caught as he stared at the small stuffed crow he’d once won for me at a local fair. Actually won was too lenient a term. He’d spent five times what the cheesy toy was worth trying to sink a basketball into a hoop. Back then he’d been more bookish than buff. My eyes touched on the broad shoulders packed into the dark suit. He could probably make a basket now, or ram the ball into the hoop by sheer force of will. I didn’t know what to say. That I’d kept the item all these years was far too sentimental a gesture for the cool, distant woman I wanted to be. â€Å"I like crows.† My voice came out impressively blase, as if the toy meant nothing, but my eyes stung. I had to look away or embarrass myself. I blinked a few times, swallowed, turned to see if he’d believed my lie and discovered him halfway out the door. Surprised, I scurried after, then paused in the hall. He was leaving without pressing me for more answers about the Jger-Suchers. I should be glad. People who annoyed Edward Mandenauer often found themselves on the wrong side of dead. I’d left Nic once so he wouldn’t learn the truth, so he wouldn’t be hurt. This time I’d let him leave for the same reason. I continued to the front of the building so I could watch Nic walk out of my life forever. He might come back, but he wasn’t getting in. I left explicit instructions to that effect with the guard. I should contact my boss, tell him about the visit from the FBI, but it was just past noon. Edward would still be sleeping after hunting all night. There was time enough to call him once I checked on my latest experiment. The only way into the basement laboratory was through the elevator located outside of my office. Disguised as a wall panel, the door slid open at the press of my palm to the security monitor. â€Å"Good afternoon, Dr. Hanover.† The computerized voice never failed to irk me; I’m not sure why. Extreme security was part of my life. Though what I was doing was important, there were nevertheless those who would stop at nothing to keep me from doing it. As the elevator descended to subterranean level, the same mechanical voice intoned, â€Å"Retina scan, please.† I positioned my face in front of the camera. Without the appropriate retinas, anyone who managed to get this far would be trapped inside. Of course, there was always the possibility someone would cut off my hand and dig out my eye in order to access the basement. Luckily, or perhaps not, most of the beings capable of that level of insanity were already incarcerated on the other side of the door. The elevator slid open. A bank of rooms fronted with bulletproof glass lined the walls. All of the chambers – hell, let’s be honest, they were prison cells – were occupied. I hadn’t been kidding about the werewolves in the basement. How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Two, Essay examples

Chinese Economic Reform (4177 words) Essay Example For Students

Chinese Economic Reform (4177 words) Essay Chinese Economic ReformTwoyears after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, it became apparent to many ofChinas leaders that economic reform was necessary. During his tenure as Chinaspremier, Mao had encouraged social movements such as the Great Leap Forward andthe Cultural Revolution which had had as their bases ideologies such as servingthe people and maintaining the class struggle. By 1978 Chinese leaderswere searching for a solution to serious economic problems produced by HuaGuofeng, the man who had succeeded Mao Zedong as CCP leader after Maosdeath (Shirk 35). Hua had demonstrated a desire to continue theideologically based movements of Mao. Unfortunately, these movements had leftChina in a state where agriculture was stagnant, industrial production waslow, and the peoples living standards had not increased in twenty years(Nathan 200). This last area was particularly troubling. While the grossoutput value of industry and agriculture increased by 810 percent and nationalincome grew b y 420 percent average individual incomeincreased by only 100 percent (Ma Hong quoted in Shirk 28). However,attempts at economic reform in China were introduced not only due to some kindof generosity on the part of the Chinese Communist Party to increase thepopulaces living standards. It had become clear to members of the CCP thateconomic reform would fulfill a political purpose as well since the party felt,properly it would seem, that it had suffered a loss of support. As Susan L. Shirk describes the situation in The Political Logic of Economic Reform inChina, restoring the CCPs prestige required improving economic performance andraising living standards. The traumatic experience of the Cultural Revolutionhad eroded popular trust in the moral and political virtue of the CCP. Thepartys leaders decided to shift the base of party legitimacy from virtue tocompetence, and to do that they had to demonstrate that they could deliver thegoods. (23) This movement from virtue to competence seemed to mark aserious departure from orthodox Chinese political theory. Confucius himself hadposited in the fifth century BCE that those individuals who best demonstratedwhat he referred to as moral force should lead the nation. Using this principleas a guide, China had for centuries attempted to choose at least itsbureaucratic leaders by administering a test to determine their moral force. After the Communist takeover of the country, Mao continued this emphasis onmoral force by demanding that Chinese citizens demonstrate what he referred toas correct consciousness. This correct consciousness could beexhibited, Mao believed, by the way people lived. Needless to say, that whichconstituted correct consciousness was often determined and assessed by Mao. Nevertheless, the ideal of moral force was still a potent one in China evenafter the Communist takeover. It is noteworthy that Shirk feels that the ChineseCommunist Party leaders saw economic reform as a way to regain their and theirpartys moral virtue even after Maos death. Thus, paradoxically, bydemonstrating their expertise in a more practical area of competence, theleaders of the CCP felt they could demonstrate how they were serving the people. To be sure, the move toward economic reform came about as a result of achanged domestic and international environment, which altered theleaderships perception of the factors that affect Chinas national security andsocial stability (Xu 247). But Shirk feels that, in those pre-Tienenmendays, such a move came about also as a result of an attempt by CCP leaders todemonstrate, in a more practical and thus less obviously ideological manner thanMao had done, their moral force. This is not to say that the idea of economicreform was embraced enthusiastically by all members of the leadership of theChinese Communist Party in 1978. To a great extent, the issue of economic reformbecame politicized as the issue was used as a means by Deng Xiaoping to attainthe leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. Maos successor, Hua Guofeng, hadtried to prove himself a worthy successor to Mao by draping himself in themantle of Maoist tradition. His approach to economic development was orthodoxMaoism with an up-to-date, international twist (Shirk 35). This approachwas tied heavily to the development of Chinas oil reserves. hen estimates of the oil reserves were revised downward commitments toimport plants and expand heavy industry could not be sustained (Shirk 35). Deng took advantage of this economic crisis to discredit Hua and aim forleadership of the party. Reform policies became Dengs platform againstHua for post-Mao leadership (Shirk 36). Given this history of economicreform, it is evident that under the present system economic questions arenecessarily political questions (Dorn 43). Once Deng and his faction hadprevailed, it was necessary for some sort of economic reform to evolve. Theinitial form the new economy took was not a radical one. China was still astate in which the central government retain the dominant power in economicresource allocation and responsible local officials work for the interest ofthe units under their control (Solinger 103). However, as time passed,some basic aspects of the old system were altered either by design or via theprocess of what might be called benign neglect. As Shirk points out, in ruralareas, decollectivization was occurring: decision making power from collective production units (communes, brigades , and teams) tothe family (38); purchase prices for major farm products were increased(39). In 1985, further reforms were introduced. For example, long-term salescontracts between farmers and the government were established. In addition, inan effort to allow the market to determine prices, city prices of fruitand vegetables, fish, meat, and eggs, were freed from government controls sothey could respond to market demand (Shirk 39). Most importantly, asurge of private and collective industry and commerce in the countryside(Shirk 39) occurred. This allowed a great percentage of the populace to becomeinvolved in private enterprise and investment in family or group ventures. Theconditions also allowed rural Chinese to leave the villages and become involvedin industry in urban centers (Shirk 40). The economy grew so quickly thatinflation occurred and the government had to reinstitute price controls. Chinaseconomy retains these characteristics of potential for growthand inflationtothis day . Another important aspect of Chinese economic reform was the decisionof China to join the world economy. Deng Xiaoping and his allies hoped to effectthis 1979 resolution in two ways: by expanding foreign trade, and by encouragingforeign companies to invest in Chinese enterprises. This policydenoted theOpen Policy (Shirk 47)was a drastic removal from the policies ofMao Zedong and, in fact, from centuries of Chinese political culture. The OpenPolicy, which designated limited areas in China as places withpreferential conditions for foreign investment and bases for the development ofexports (Nathan 99), was extremely successful in the areas where it wasimplemented (Shirk 47). However, it was looked upon by many Chinese as nothingless than an avenue to economic dependency (Nathan 50). Indeed, whenthe policy was first implemented, many Chinese seem to fear that Dengspolicies drawing China back toward its former semi-colonial status as amarket where the imperialist countries dump their g oods, a raw materialbase, a repair and assembly workshop, and an investment center. (Nathan51) It is interesting to note the symptoms of a national character that wouldsubscribe to the above sentiment. In an article written in 1981, just two yearsafter the Open Policy was first proposed, Andrew J. Nathan noted the almostpathological resistance to foreign intervention in the Chinese economy:Some Chinese fear that reliance on imported technology will encourage adependent psychology Chinese perceive joint ventures as a costly formof acquisition. Some people worry: Wont we be suffering losses by lettingforeigners make profits in our country?' (52). The Chinese were asvociferous about issues of sovereignty. Nathan maintained that the Mao-ledrevolution, which culminated in victory in 1949, had been fueled by anintense patriotism: once China had stood up, no infringement on itssovereignty, no matter how small, should be permitted (53). These feelingswere manifested in denying foreign bu sinessmen long-term, multiple entry visas,resisting increased foreign economic contacts and alteration ofcurrent ways of doing things, and disinclination to become involved ingovernment-to-government loans and joint ventures lest Chinese become exploitedin some way (Nathan 53-55). Given these hesitancies on the part of the Chinesesociety vis-a-vis foreign relations, it is impressive that Deng and his allieswere able initially to create and implement the Open Policy since many membersof the society at large were resistant to becoming involved in a policy soantithetical to the Chinese national character. However, once the successes ofthe Open Policy were apparent, resistance to the plan by the populace waned. Time Management for College Students EssayNeedless to say, exclusion from WTO would be disastrous for any country, butparticularly for an emerging market such as China. Even on a day to day basis,Chinas economic leaders seem unable to understand how some aspects of a marketeconomy work. In discussing the status of the Shanghai Stock Market, forexample, one stock dealer referred to it as crazy (StocksSurge D2). Moreover, American analysts have been amazed to discover in theShanghai market the lack of regulation and the poor disclosurerequirements. Some companies have been listed for two or three years and havenot issued an annual report (Hansell D2). It is no wonder that Chineseinvestors become anxious about their investments. The issuance of shares in theShandong Huaneng Power Development Company also demonstrates the lack ofexpertise on the part of the Chinese in the modern world market. In fact,according to one Hong Kong investment analyst, he company wasntreally a company. It wa s just a bunch of discrete plants that they tied a bowaround and wrote a prospectus on' (Zuckerman D6). The prospectusguaranteed a fifteen percent annual return on investments. In fact, the returnwill no doubt be less than that because of prevailing currency exchange ratesand debt that the company will have to assume. To be sure, the problems of theShandong Huaneng Power Development Company and the Shanghai Stock Exchange maydemonstrate only the problems of an immature economy. Nevertheless, if Chinawishes to become a viable member of the world economic community, suchshortcomings will have to be eliminated quickly. These apparent problems mayalso be the result of an economic system that is run by the state. Certainly,one thing that the CCP has attempted to do is create a market economy whileretaining a state controlled system. This structure may be possible but it doeshave its critics. Steven N.S. Cheung, in an essay written in 1989, argued forthe creation of private property by ma ndate (31), feeling thatprivatization in China would lead to necessary additional investment in thesocietys infrastructure and the establishment of a judicial system thatis based firmly on the principle of equality before the law (Cheung 32). Echoing Cheungs sentiments, James Dorn saw problems in the areas of Chinesebanking and finance. In this arrangement, Dorn argued, the state controlsthe bulk of investment resources. The lack of a private capital market hashandicapped economic development in China and hampered rational investmentdecisionmaking (43). In order to become a modern economic state Dornargued for the necessity of circumventing Chinas ruling elite who opposethe dismantling of state monopolies and who benefit from price fixing andnonprice rationing (51). Xu Zhiming also saw the necessity for a revampingof the Chinese system: We must throw off the traditional systemcompletely (249) in order for economic reform to thrive. Communist Partymembers, of course, articulate a different position. In a recent interview thatappeared in the Beijing Review, Feng Bing, Deputy Secretary General of the StateCommission for Restructuring the Economic System, spoke to the issue of economicreform in China. It is striking that Feng spoke of the benefits that thepopulace has received as a result of the economic reform now occurring in China. That is, his comments appeared to demonstrate the beneficence, or the moralforce, of the Chinese Communist Party vis-a-vis economic reform. He noted thatsuch reform involves the essence of socialism: to liberate and developproductive forces; to eradicate exploitation; to remove polarization; and toattain the goal of common prosperity (Official 12). Thus, CCPleaders still appear to see their roles as representatives of a moral force. CCPmembers and leaders wish economic reform not to be judged on just its practicalmerits, but also as an effect of the moral force of the leadership. Economicreform, then, becomes nothing less than a moral crusade and it is thus easy tosee why, for example, China has staked its national prestige on becoming afounding member of the World Trade Organization (Gargan 14). Will Chinasucceed in taking its place among the nations of the world market? Will the CCPsucceed in retaining its political power given the drastic changes in thesocietal makeup of China th at are occurring due to the changing economicrealities? I would suggest that the chances are better for the former than forthe latter. Once the Chinese attain more sophistication relative tointernational and national markets, institute a more manageable banking system,and make a good faith effort to insure acceptable human rights, the country maywell become the richest economy in the world within the next 25years (Gilder 372). However, whether or not these conditions can occurwithout a weakening of the state controlled system is problematic. The mostimpressive and far-reaching display of moral force by the CCP may well have tobe a voluntary reduction of its power over the people. Paradoxically, byweakening itself politically, the party may demonstrate its true moral force byliberating, politically and economically, one billion Chinese citizens. BibliographyBoeing Planning to Invest $100 Million for China Plant. New YorkTimes: 9 August 1994, D4. Bradsher, Keith. Bill to Restrict ChinasImports Loses in House. New York Times: 10 August 1994, A7. Cheung, StevenN.S. Privatization vs. Special Interests: The Experience of ChinasEconomic Reforms. Economic Reform in China: Problems and Prospects. Ed. James A. Dorn and Wang Xi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 21-32. China cracks down on dissent after trade threat lifted, report says.Hartford Courant: 29 July 1994, A13. China Stock Is Most Active. NewYork Times: 5 August 1994, D5. Dorn, James A. Pricing and Property: TheChinese Puzzle. Economic Reform in China: Problems and Prospects. Ed. James A. Dorn and Wang Xi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 39-61. Du Pont Plans Increase In Chinese Investment. New York Times: 10August 1994, D2. Gargan, Edward A. U.S. May Thwart Chinas TradeGoal. New York Times: 24 July 1994, 14. Gilder, George. Let aBillion Flowers Bloom. Economic